![Picture](/uploads/2/0/9/4/20947342/2017390.jpg?328)
After 1860, science and technology dominated and shaped the Western world. Countless discoveries were made by scientists and inventors. Question were continuously being asked by scientists; the origin of diseases was debated and the production of germs was theorized. Those who were educated took an interest in science and its future. In the later half of the 19th century, many discoveries were made such as aspirin, antibiotics, antiseptics, x-rays, vitamins, and hormones. Vaccinations were already previously made known, however, it wasn’t until the Victorian era that vaccinations became available to ordinary people. This was an exciting era in history. Science found many cures for serious and deadly diseases such as cholera, smallpox, typhoid fever, influenza, and tuberculosis. These were very common and killed millions of people. Childbirth, during this time, was very hazardous, and many women died because of this. Hygiene and sanitation was terrible. During operations, doctors often infected patients due to unclean hands. Germs and bacteria was not discovered or known. However, in 1857, a tiny organism (bacilli) that caused many diseases was discovered by Louis Pasteur, a French scientist. He also discovered the cause of anthrax, cholera, and rabies. By using carbolic acid as an antiseptic, he was able to vaccinate people and animals. Throughout the Victorian era, environmental and health standards continuously rose; sewage improved as well as the quality of drinking water. Sanitation reforms was prompted by the Public Health Acts of 1848 and 1869. In 1846, anaesthetics became common in the medical profession.
Railway:
![Picture](/uploads/2/0/9/4/20947342/9650621.jpg?508)
In Canadian politics, railway construction became a major aspect and key from 1852 to 1867. During this time, two significant railway companies began to emerge: the Intercolonial Railway, which linked Montreal with the Maritimes, and the Grand Trunk Railway, extending from Sarnia through Montreal to Portland, Maine. Over 3200 kilometres of track were laid.
other advancedment
On both the St. Lawrence and Niagara rivers, canals were being constructed. This opened up plenty of jobs. Stagecoaches, canals, and steam ships were being used more often. Cinemas, telegraphs, telephones, cars and aircraft, had a huge impact on society. In 1839, photography was released in the UK by Louis Daguerre in France and William Fox Talbot.